。。。。。顶级。。。。。嘿嘿。。。

很专业的答复啊。

百度了一下：

高端的投影式光刻机可分为步进投影和扫描投影光刻机两种，分辨率通常在几十纳米至几微米之间，高端光刻机号称世界上最精密的仪器，世界上已有7000万美金的光刻机。高端光刻机堪称现代光学工业之花，其制造难度之大，全世界只有少数几家公司能够制造。国外品牌主要以荷兰ASML（镜头来自德国），日本Nikon（intel造cpu时购买的就是Nikon的高端光刻机）和日本Canon三大品牌为主。。。。。。。。

估计中国正在努力赶上。过去生产的光刻镜头就是文物了。

    http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5f1a ... b1f9.html
    图中那个大家伙应就是准分子激光共聚焦寖没系统镜头，硅片和镜头一端是放在超净去离子水中的。全球两家能做。

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5f1ab8cf5fbfc77da269b1f9.html

这些才是真正的顶级镜头! 目前能生产顶级光刻镜头的全世界也就2-3家。

     这些超显微镜头在使用时类似于高倍显微镜物镜，要求越来越高的大相对孔径以提高分辨率及最大大光圈！所以使用与一般摄影镜头又有所区别。虽说这类镜头多半要求特定光线下使用，可较少考虑色差的校正，但通常它们成像前后景深加起来也就几个到十几个微米，且要求极端平整的视场没有畸变！校正难度可以想像！！！
     这只尼康超显微是大约是六十年代中后期到七十年代初中期生产的。现在我们大家在骂小日本的同时它的发达工业也不容小视的，够我们赶超的！！！

仿前苏联怀表表盘——

仿前苏联怀表——

ding.

苏联怀表机芯。

看镜头号是1979年的产品。从制作精良的镜头前后盖也能看出是价格高昂的产品。

看起来像尼康的那些超微距镜头。光圈只能收缩到F8. 后来的光刻镜头体积越来越大。长度几乎有一人高。

另一款上海产工业用镜头。55/1.8.体积却比尤-3 50/1.5大多了。

老熊，那头的具体用途我也不太清楚。我觉得是制版头。做半导体电路用的？与尼康的那些UMN 超微距头类似。先买来做早期光学产品的实物资料。这些镜头在特定波长和相场内的分辨率接近理论极限。

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K兄，图中那只120/4的海鸥头是制版头吗？

几只稀有的国产镜头。

此头当年售价应该不菲。

    据说这只镜头内使用了天然萤石磨制镜片！

图片。。。。。

Ultra-Micro-NIKKOR 1:1.8 f=28mm e-line type Ultra-Micro-NIKKOR 1:1.8 f=28mm h-line type Ultra-Micro-NIKKOR 1:1.8 f=28mm ew-line type
Focal Length: 27.5mm
maximum Aperture: f/1.8
Lens Construction: 9 elements in 7 groups
Standard Magnification: 1/10X
Picture Angle: 7.6°
Overall working distance: 315mm
Object area:- 40mm
image area:- 4mm
Standard wavelength: 546 millimicron (e-line)
Aperture efficiency at image corner: 100% @ f/1.8 with 0% vignetting score
Distortion: -0.06%
Aerial resolving power: 700lines/mm
Aperture scale: f/1.8, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8
Lens Mount: Screw d=39mm p=1/26"
Dimension (D) X (L):- 51mm x 70mm
Filter thread size: 40.5mm screw-in type
Weight:- 310g/10.9oz Focal Length: 27.6mm
maximum Aperture: f/1.8
Lens Construction: 9 elements in 7 groups
Standard Magnification: 1/10X
Picture Angle: 7.6°
Overall working distance: 315mm
Object area:- 40mm
image area:- 4mm
Standard wavelength: 404.7 millimicron (h-line)/435nm (g-line)
Aperture efficiency at image corner: 100% @ f/1.8 with 0% vignetting score
Distortion: -0.04%
Aerial resolving power: 900 lines/mm
Aperture scale: f/1.8, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8
Lens Mount: Screw d=39mm p=1/26"
Dimension (D) X (L):- 51mm x 71.5mm
Filter thread size: 40.5mm screw-in type
Weight:- 310g/10.9oz Focal Length: 28.2mm
maximum Aperture: f/1.8
Lens Construction: 9 elements in 7 groups
Standard Magnification: 1/10X
Picture Angle: 7.6°
Overall working distance: 315mm
Object area:- 80mm
image area:- 8mm
Standard wavelength: 546.1 millimicron (e-line)
Aperture efficiency at image corner: 100% @ f/1.8 with 0% vignetting score
Distortion: -0.02%
Aerial resolving power: 600lines/mm @8mm,
650 lines/mm @7mm, 700 lines/mm@6mm
Aperture scale: f/1.8, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8
Lens Mount: Screw d=39mm p=1/26"
Dimension (D) X (L):- 51mm x 70mm
Filter thread size: 40.5mm, p=0.5mm
Weight:- 330g
The above outlines the few major versions of the Ultra-Micro-NIKKOR 1:1.8 f=28mm with different line types. The ew-line model, according to the literature, quoted as the improved version. It was also used in the making of photomarks via step and repeat process in large-scale Integrated circuitry manufacturing. The lens mount and working distance of the model has been mentioned were identical to previous model. But the image size has been enlarged from 4mm to 8mm (image circle). The ew-line model has the same resolution, up to 600 lines/mm even at image size of 8mm covering picture area of 5.6mm square.

尼康工业镜头资料。

资料。。。。。当年ZEISS镜头的价格。

As far as it being the best enlarging lens in the world baloney is concerned I believe that the 105mm Apo El Nikkor is most certainly better but problematic for making the larger sizes of enlargements is concerned for amy enlargers.

If one wants to make 15x or bigger enlargements than the best (2) lenses ever released into general commerce are the 40mm f 5.6 Zeiss S-Biogon and the 60mm S-Orthoplanar. Neither lens was sold directly as an enlargong lens. They were sold as a part of a machine for making micro film copies.
My understanding is, that back in the 70's is concerned , price of the 60mm S- Orthoplanar exceeded $20,000.00 I do not know what the price of the 40mm S-Biogon was. Approximately one year ago an 60mm S-Orthoplanar was sold on Ebay. Its price was around $2,500.00
A 100 mm was sold at that same time and it fetched approximately $6,000.00。

E资，这是北京新开发的机芯，因为对新表不太感兴趣，所以不太熟悉。

K资赏眼看看
这是什么机芯：

还是早期国产机械表。东风表的ST-5机芯是※※第一款完全自行设计的手表机芯。

这些相机做工精良，像手工艺品。我觉得像徕卡旁轴，早晚要成为收藏品。

K兄，这个“培特丽”品牌当年在日本也挺火，就是没跟上电子时代被淘汰了，我在网上见过一些该厂的旁轴产品还是这款比较好看，下面这两架机器同样的外观各有一款1.9或2.8光圈的机型 ——

真挺漂亮！这款旁轴好像很少见啊。

谢谢分享！40钻的双菱现在不常见了。