网上资料,1946年的1,200美元大约相当今天的15,000美元。

Japan's Cameras - Sept. 1946 Popular Photography
I received a while back the book "The Best of Popular Photography", published in 1979. It is a compilation of the articles that the editors thought to be most significant to have been published over the years. My incentive to buy it was the recent announcement that Popular Photography, as a magazine is closing shop.

On page 332 is a fascinating overview of the photographic situation in recently defeated (in WWII) Japan. As the first nation to suffer atom bombing in war, post-war Japan was quite devastated. Yet, there was a tremendous demand for cameras, lenses and film - from two sources. The Japanese amateur who had endured a decade of shortages and privation was one source. The second was the soldiers of the Allied Occupation Force, who found their new temporary home to be fascinating and picturesque. I will say up front that the author of the piece demonstrates thinly veiled contempt and hatred towards the Japanese. Since the war had just ended, no doubt emotions were quite raw towards the former enemy.

Japan's Cameras, by Irving Lorwin. Popular Photography Sept. 1946.

He starts with this:
"Photography is undergoing a boom period in Occupied Japan today. The manufacturers of 'Sakura' and 'Fuji' films sell their products as rapidly as they can turn tem out in their chemical-scarce plants. It is practically impossible to find a Japanese camera selling for less than 350 yen ($23), and German Leicas get 18,000 yen ($1200)". Well, at least some things never change, i.e. how expensive Leicas are!

He then describes several cameras being made by the Japanese, and considers them to be crude reproductions of American and German cameras. Specifically, the stellar cameras of Kodak and Graflex. Shutters made by Seikosha (Seiko) don't always keep accurate speeds, and frame counters may not work at all.

"... Konishi Roku (sic) [later Konica] expects to start assembling some of its pre-war models. Popular amongst Japanese amateurs and some newsmen is Konishi's prewar rather crude imitation of our Speed Graphic type press camera."

"In production before and during the war were several imitations of the German Leica and Contax called the Leotax, the Cannon (sic), and several other names. Principal manufacturer was Seiki Kogaku (kogaku is the Japanese word for Optical Company). Except for the lenses used, the cameras were ingenious imitations. Best lens used in these cameras was modeled after the Elmar lens and called the Nikkor. Rated at f/2.5, this lens was manufactured by Nippon Kogaku in Tokyo, where most camera and optical plants are located. In pre-war days these Japanese imitations sold for about 150 American dollars."

"In many respects, Japanese photographic growth is some 10 years behind times. Although lenses of binoculars and telescopes were coated during the war, not a single Japanese camera or lens manufacturer has yet started coating camera lenses. Glass plates are still widely used in press and view cameras of Japanese make....
No exposure meters have been produced in the country. Flash powder is still used by many photographers there."

Interesting insight into Japanese - American interaction:
"When the Japanese surrendered, most photographers hid their cameras, fearing that American troops would steal them. Contrary to the Japanese propaganda, the Americans, rather than stealing their cameras, offered fabulous prices for them.
Press photographers are enjoying new-found freedom of movement under the American Occupation. Never before permitted to take pictures of the Emperor except by special arrangement, hordes of Japanese photographers now follow Hirohito around on his every excursion."

The author's conclusion, based on what he has seen:
"When the time comes that defeated Japan is again permitted to trade, a vast market for photographic good of all sorts will be open to American exporters. Japanese photographers recognize the superiority of our photographic products over theirs and are anxiously awaiting the opportunity to purchase American cameras and equipment".

Well, there is a lot here.
We all know how Kodak, Graflex, and even Popular Photography have fared over the subsequent decades.

I can't even blame the author for his intense feelings. My parents, grandparents, and my wife's family were in Burma and Singapore when the Japanese invaded. Their armies were brutal and murderous. For decades, my father refused to buy a Japanese car. He would only buy American.

But, this article is a remarkable window into a difficult time in world history.
Report Post   本帖最后由 Kievuser 于 2017-10-6 08:27 编辑

十五的月亮十七园 ——
俄500mm折返头 + 俄2X增倍镜 + 尼康2X增倍镜 + AI/EF转接环 + 佳能5DIII系数1.0 = 2000mm画幅效果
ISO 12800；1/8000秒；手动调焦；手动曝光；摄像机三脚架；自拍；画面加锐未剪裁 ......

当年是军用侦察用的。

多年前用国产哈苏口折返头拍的。

可能五菱镜的位置有偏差？

俄500mm折返头 + 俄2X增倍镜 + 佳能7D x 1.6系数=1600mm画幅效果
最近发现这架7D机身有毛病了，取景器内显示清晰度挺好，片子都是虚的—— 本帖最后由 熊看 于 2017-10-4 21:20 编辑

老熊，久违了。

缓口气儿，接着潜......

应该比类似的日本镜头更贵。

1970年代的国产做半导体芯片用镜头。此类镜头造价高昂。

2010年集成电路进口1569.9亿美元，出口292.5亿美元，逆差1277.4亿美元
2011年集成电路进口1702亿美元，出口325.7亿美元，逆差1376.3亿美元
2012年集成电路进口1920.6亿美元，出口534.3亿美元，逆差1386.3亿美元
2013年集成电路进口2313.4亿美元，出口877亿美元，逆差1436.4亿美元
2014年集成电路进口2176.2亿美元，出口608.6亿美元，逆差1567.6亿美元
2015年集成电路进口2307亿美元，693.1亿美元，逆差1613.9亿美元，
2016年集成电路进口2271亿美元，出口613.8亿美元，逆差1657.2亿美元
到2017年，这个趋势仍然没有扭转，1-5月中国集成电路（芯片）进口额为954.8亿美元，同比上涨17.9%，出口256.6亿美元，同比增长11.3%，逆差继续拉大。

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网上资料。市场没换来技术。

春风。。

1930年代的蔡司LU系列显微镜。

东风。你懂得。。。

红色年代。

不忘初心。
革命摇篮井冈山。

1979年上海产。。。。。。这类技术西方仍然对中国封锁。 本帖最后由 Kievuser 于 2017-7-14 05:22 编辑

长春光机所承担的国家科技重大专项项目“极紫外光刻关键技术研究”顺利通过验收

2017年6月21日，“极大规模集成电路制造装备及成套工艺”国家科技重大专项(02专项)实施管理办公室组织专家在中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所召开了“极紫外光刻关键技术研究”项目验收会。评审专家组充分肯定了项目取得的一系列成果，一致同意项目通过验收，认为该项目的顺利实施将※※极紫外光刻技术研发向前推进了重要一步。
　　极紫外（Extreme Ultraviolet，EUV）光刻是一种采用波长13.5nm极紫外光为工作波长的投影光刻技术，是传统光刻技术向更短波长的合理延伸。作为下一代光刻技术，被行业赋予拯救摩尔定律的使命。极紫外光刻光学技术代表了当前应用光学发展最高水平，作为前瞻性EUV光刻关键技术研究，项目指标要求高，技术难度大、瓶颈多，创新性高，同时国外技术封锁严重。
　　中科院长春光机所自上世纪九十年代起专注于EUV/X射线成像技术研究，着重开展了EUV光源、超光滑抛光技术、EUV多层膜及相关EUV成像技术研究，形成了极紫外光学的应用技术基础。2002年，研制国内第一套EUV光刻原理装置，实现了EUV光刻的原理性贯通。2008年国家“极大规模集成电路制造装备及成套工艺”科技重大专项将EUV光刻技术列为“32-22nm装备技术前瞻性研究”重要攻关任务。长春光机所作为牵头单位承担起了“极紫外光刻关键技术研究”项目研究工作，成员包括中国科学院光电技术研究所、中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所、中国科学院微电子研究所、北京理工大学、哈尔滨工业大学、华中科技大学。
　　项目研究团队秉承锲而不舍的科研精神，潜心钻研，厚积薄发，历经八年的艰苦奋战，突破了制约※※极紫外光刻发展的超高精度非球面加工与检测、极紫外多层膜、投影物镜系统集成测试等核心单元技术，成功研制了波像差优于0.75 nm RMS 的两镜EUV 光刻物镜系统，构建了EUV 光刻曝光装置，国内首次获得EUV 投影光刻32 nm 线宽的光刻胶曝光图形。建立了较为完善的曝光光学系统关键技术研发平台，圆满完成国家重大专项部署的研究内容与任务目标，实现EUV 光学成像技术跨越，显著提升了※※极紫外光刻核心光学技术水平。同时，项目的实施形成了一支稳定的研究团队，为※※能够在下一代光刻技术领域实现可持续发展奠定坚实的技术与人才基础。
　　验收会上，长春光机所所长贾平诚挚的感谢了与会专家及各合作单位对项目的大力支持。贾平指出从时机及技术难度方面考虑，EUV项目的布局正处于窗口期，希望国家给予持续稳定的支持。鼓励项目参研单位进一步发挥EUV学科优势，鼓足勇气并肩奋斗，在后续支持下取得更好的成果。
（这是啥意思：现在给的支持还太少或者不够持续稳定。那么国家半导体基金上千亿的钱哪去了？目前很多给了既不自主也不可控的假洋鬼子，譬如上海兆芯这个和代工岛威盛合资用美国买来的既不自主也不可控的马甲CPU套了70亿以上的补贴）
　　02专项总体组技术总师、中科院微电子研究所所长叶甜春研究员做总结发言。叶甜春强调，在国际上EUV光刻大生产基地已经建立的形势下，※※EUV光刻研究要继续坚持下去，面向未来产业工程化需求，着力点要放在必须掌握的核心技术和有可能取得创新的突破点。此外，叶甜春评价光刻机队伍是承担最核心、最高端、最艰苦任务的队伍，也是专项团队中最有战斗力、最能抗压、最值得信任的主力※※。鼓励项目团队肩负重大任务的责任与使命感，继续坚持勇攀高峰。
    02专项光刻机工程指挥部总指挥、前科技部副部长曹健林到会并致辞。作为国内最熟悉EUV光刻的领域专家，曹健林对于※※EUV光刻技术能力的提升感到欣喜，他认为中国已初步具备光刻技术的研发能力，并向着产业化目标前进，30年前的“中国光刻梦”正在逐步变为现实，通过※※光刻技术研发能力的建设初步树立了坚持“中国光刻梦”的信心。

中国精密光学仪器方面最近的进展。
上张40多年前的光刻镜头。

曾经在跳蚤市场听一位老先生说‘特等公民’是玩人的。 下等公民只能玩玩破烂。

都没玩过

午后红茶网友的国产老镜头。有知道它用途的朋友请赐教。估计是翻拍，或缩微用的。

某卖家对他的显微物镜的描述很有趣：

EXTREMELY RARE! Generally referred as "UNOBTAINIUM" because so few were made and sold, almost exclusively to the coal petrography community. This one is comparatively recent made and arguably the best POL EPI objective ever made of RMS thread and magnification range. Includes is the spacer for 45mm objective length and parafocal objective change. With right rim adapters can be used in most modern microscopes.

Hard to let it go but for my applications it would be like driving a Maserati for UBER.  Still not convinced and tempted to have a go at it. If you truly need the objective of this unsurpassed quality and can deduct the cost from your business expenditure do not hesitate to get it. Your clients will spot the difference immediately! I have not seen one in 15 years on eBay, and if you can proof me otherwise I will give you a discount on the purchase of this objective.

我手里的不少镜头都可以说是 UNOBTAINIUM。先看看他的宝贝吧，

Carl Zeiss, Jena
Type: UV-Objektiv
Description: Scientific Lens for UV Photography from 300nm onwards. 3 lenses in 3 groups (triplet) made of special UV transmitting glass to 300nm. 5 currently known batches, one starting 46652xx, one 46653xx, one 6019xxx, one 6389xxx, one 7289xxx
Meter scale calibrated for 365nm.

KDS collection

漂亮的黑孔雀。

http://allphotolenses.com/lenses.html

镜头资料

54.000 欧元
本帖最后由 Kievuser 于 2017-6-20 19:47 编辑

此机拍出

When was your Contax II or III made ?? According to the excellent "benchmarks" book by Foto Saga in France, ISBN 2-906840-06-8, the first letter before the serial number denotes a block of 99,999 serial numbers -- not all of which were always issued:   Z 1935/6, A 1936, B 1936, C 1936/7, D 1937, E 1937, F 1937/8, G 1938, J 1938/9, K 1939, L 1939, M 1940/42, N 1941/3.   Keep in mind the code was also used for other Zeiss cameras, so these codes do not indicate total Contax production.

据一位外国网友说出口版的Contax II 都是1/4” 螺纹的。我再ebay看了看，好像是这么回事。

这台黑漆版的Contax II 的三脚架螺纹是1/4 吋的。比较少见。大部分都是3/8吋的。我的那台1937年产的出口版也是1/4吋的。很多二战时德国的摄影记者都使用Contax II型相机。 现在发现的仅有的几台黑漆版的都是战后生产的Jena Contax. 一些早期在乌克兰生产的基辅-II 的收藏价往往高于 战前的Contax II.